九、为祖国辩护之两封信
九、为祖国辩护之两封信(一)致TheNewRepublic书Sir:
Ireadwithgreatinteresttheletterfrom"AFriendofChina",publishedinyourJournalforFebruarythesixth.Iheartilysharehisoptimismthat"thesituationnowdevelopingmaybeofdecidedadvantagetoallconcerned",butIentirelydisagreewithhiminhisnotionofthewaysinwhichhisoptimisticdreamsaretoberealized.HeseemstoholdthatthesolutionoftheFarEasternquestionliesinJapan'stakinga"responsibleandeffectivedirectionofChina'saffairs".That,inmyhumblejudgment,canneverbetherealsolutionoftheproblem.
"AFriendofChina"seemstohaveignoredtheimportantfactthatwearenowlivinginanageofnationalconsciousness.HeforgetsthateventhePhilippinescannotrestcontentedundertheapparently"beneficial"ruleoftheUnitedStates.Inthistwentiethcenturynonationcaneverhopepeacefullytoruleoverortointerferewiththeinternaladministrativeaffairsofanothernation,howeverbeneficialthatruleorthatinterferencemaybe.TheChineserationalconsciousnesshasexterminatedtheManchurule,and,Iamsure,willalwaysresentanyforeignruleor"direction".
Moreover,yourcorrespondenthasbeentoodrasticinhisestimationofthecapacityoftheChinesepeopleforself-governmentandself-development."TheRepublic,"sayshe,"helduptotheworldasevidencingtheregenerationoftheEasthasproved,aswasboundtobethecase,adismalfailure…Chinaasaprogressivestatehasbeentriedandfoundwanting.Sheisincapableofdevelopingherself."Sorunshisaccusation.ButletmeremindhimthatthetransformationofavastnationlikeChinacannotbeaccomplishedinaday.ReadsuchbooksasJohnFiske's"TheCriticalPeriodofAmericanHistory",anditwillbeclearthateventheestablishmentoftheAmericanRepublicwasnotachievedbyasuddenandmiraculousfiat.TheChineserepublichasbeennomoreafailurethantheAmericanRepublicwasafailureinthosedismaldaysundertheArticlesofConfederation.TheChineseRevolutionoccurredinOctober,1911.Threeyearshavehardlypassedsincetheformationoftherepublic.Canweyetsay,Oyeoflittlefaith!That"Chinaasaprogressivestatehasbeentriedandfoundwanting,"andthat"sheisincapableofdevelopingherself"?
IsincerelybelievewithPresidentWilsonthateverypeoplehastherighttodetermineitsownformofgovernment.Everynationhastherighttobeleftalonetoworkoutitsownsalvation.Mexicohastherighttorevolution.Chinahasherrighttoherowndevelopment.
Ithaca,N.Y.,Feb.27.
SubHu
〔中译〕致《新共和国周报》书主笔先生:
余拜读了贵刊二月六日所刊署名“一位中国朋友”的来信,甚感兴趣。余对该作者之乐观主义深表赞同,即认为“目前形势之发展必将有利于各有关方面”,然而,对其所提出的实现乐观主义梦想之方法,则不敢苟同。该君似乎主张:解决远东问题之关键,在于日本对中国事务之管理是否负责、有效。依在下之愚见,这不是解决问题的根本方法。
这位“中国朋友”似已忘记这样一个重要事实:吾辈正生活于一国民觉醒之时代。该君甚至也已忘记,就连菲律宾也不甘受制于美国之“有益”统治。在二十世纪之今日,任何国家皆不该抱有统治他国或干涉别国内政之指望,不管该统治或该干涉如何有益。中国国民之觉醒意味着满洲统治之结束,余深信,对任何外来之统治或“管理”,国人定将忿懑不已。
更有甚者,贵刊记者对于中国国民自治和自我发展能力之估计偏执一端。该君指责说:“有人把共和国视作东方复兴之例证,事实上该共和国是注定要惨遭失败的……以一先进国家之标准来衡量中国,是完全不够格的。她不具备自我发展之能力。”然余亦要提醒该君,像中国这样一个泱泱大国,其改革决不会是一蹴而就的。奉劝他多读一些书,譬如约翰·菲斯克的《美国历史的关键时刻》,如此他便会明白:即便是像美国这样一个共和国,也不是单凭一项突然颁布的、神奇般的法令即可建成。试想一想,美利坚合众国在沮丧的十三州邦联宪法时期,其遭受之重创则比中华民国所遭受的更甚。辛亥革命发生于公元1911年10月,创立共和国至今还不足三载,岂能说已决无希望!岂能说“以一先进国家之标准来衡量中国,是完全不够格的”?又岂能说“中国不具备自我发展之能力”?
余完全信奉威尔逊总统所言:各国人民皆有权利决定自己治国之形式,也唯有各国自己才有权利决定自救之方式。墨西哥有权革命,中国也有权利来决定自己的发展。
胡适纽约,绮色佳,2月27日
(二)致TheOutlook书DearSir:
PermitmetosayafewwordsconcerningyoureditorialonJapanandChinawhichappearedonFeb.24,1915.AsyoureditorialwaslargelybasedudonalettertotheNewRepublicfromamanwhosignshimself"AFriendofChina",IbegtoenclosealetterinwhichIhaveendeavoredtoshowthefallaciesinhisarguments.Inmyhumblejudgment,theNewRepubliccorrespondentcannotbeatrue"friendofChina",norcanhebe"anexpertinEasternaffairs",asTheOutlookseemstothink.
AsonewhocomesfromamongtheChinesepeopleandwhoknowstheirinspirationsandaspirations,IdeclaremostemphaticallythatanyattempttobringaboutaJapanesedominationor"direction"inChinaisnomoreandnolessthansowingtheseedsoffuturedisturbanceandbloodshedinChinaforthecountlessyearstocome.ItistruethatatthepresentmomentChinaisnotcapableofresistingany"armed"demands,howeverunreasonabletheymaybe.Butwhosoeverseekstosecure"themaintenanceofstableconditionsintheEast"byadvocatingJapaneseassumptionofthedirectorshiporprotectorshipofChina,shalllivetoseeyouthfulandheroic,thoughnotimmediatelyuseful,bloodflowallovertheCelestialRepublic!Havewenotseenanti-JapanesesentimentsalreadyprevailinginmanypartsofChina?
IsincerelybelievethattheultimatesolutionoftheFarEasternquestionmustbesoughtinamutualunderstandingandco-operationbetweenChinaandJapan.Butthatmutualunderstandingandcooperationcannotpossiblybebroughtforthbyanyarmedconquestoftheonebytheother.
AstoChina'scapacityforself-development,IreferyoutotheenclosedlettertotheNewRepublic,whichyoumayreproduce,ifyousodesire.
Verysincerelyyours,SuhHu
〔中译〕致《外观报》书尊敬的先生:
就贵刊1915年2月24日发表的社论《日本与中国》,余请惠允啰嗦几句。由于该社论之大部分论据皆取自于发表在《新共和国周报》上的一封信,该信署名为“一位中国之朋友”,特附上余“致《新共和国周报》书”。在此信中,余已证明此君之高见纯系谬论。以吾之陋见,此《新共和国周报》之访员根本不能算是一位真正的“中国之朋友”,也决谈不上是一位“东方事务之专家”,如贵刊所推崇的那样。
余作为一名中国人,深知同胞之志气与抱负,因此余敢断言:任何想要在中国搞日本统治或“管理”之企图,无异于在中国播下骚乱和流血的种子,未来的一段岁月中国将鸡犬不宁。目前之中国,对于任何外来“武装”之要求,不管其是如何的不近情理,确实没有能力去抵抗。然而无论是谁,如果他想要鼓吹以日本对中国的管理权或保护权来求得“维持东方局势之稳定”,那么,他定将看到年青而英勇的热血流遍我华夏之共和国!尽管这在当前奏效不大。君不见反日之仇恨已燃遍了神州大地么?
余诚以为,远东问题之最终解决乃在于中日双方之相互理解、相互合作。然此种理解与合作决不是由一次次之武装征服所带来的。
至于中国自我发展之能力,余已在附信“致《新共和国周报》书”中阐明,君若愿意,当可在信中找到答案。
胡适谨上