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二四、与普耳君一段文字因缘

《胡适留学日记:全十七卷》 作者:胡适 0

二四、与普耳君一段文字因缘(二月)
前记自纽约归,车中读一文论“不争之道德”(本卷第一一则,五二七页),归后作长书投之作者普耳君(FrederickJ.Pohl),表吾之同意。其人得之,甚感吾意,今日答一长书,遂订交焉。
吾书之大旨如下(录原书一节):
Whattheworldneedstoday,itseemstome,isacompletedethronementoftheunduesupremacyoftheSelf.Themoralityofourageistoomuchself-centered.Theideaofself-preservationhasscarcelyeverbeenchallenged,andconsequentlymanyexpediencieshavebeendoneinthenameofself-preservation,nay,manycrimeshavebeencommittedinitsname!Toremedythisinveterateevil,wemustextendourpresentconceptionofmeumtoitswidesthorizonpossible,wemustoverthrowthesuperstitionthatself-preservationisthehighestduty.Wemusttaketheattitudeofnon-resistance,notastheexpedientattitude,butastherightattitude,notoutofnecessity,butatourownvolition.Thesalvationoftheworld,Ibelieve,mustbesoughtinsomesuchlongforgottentruthsasthis…(Feb2)
〔中译〕在我看来,当今世界迫切的需要就是彻底废除过分的自我至上。当今的道德过于推崇自我中心。自我保存的思想很少遭到批评,自然许多出于私利的考虑都借着自我保存的名义得以进行,而且许多罪恶也以它的名义而发生!为了改正这个积习已久的错误,我们应尽力拓展现时这个自我观念,推翻自我保存的迷信,不应以它为最高的本能,而应采取不争主义的态度,不应抱谋私利的态度,而应采取正义的态度。这种不应是被迫的,而应是自觉自愿的。我以为世界的拯救应从那些久已被人忘却的真理中去寻找……
(二月二日)
普君答书曰:
YourletterofappreciationofmycommunicationtotheNewRepublicgavemethegreatestpleasure.MorethanthatitgavemeencouragementwhenIwassorelyinneedofit.Thecertaintythattherewasatleastonereaderwithsufficientclarityofvisiontoseethetruthmademebelievethattherewereothersalso.Ithankyoumostsincerelyforwritingwhatyoudid.
IfoundonlytwosympathizersbeforeIsentthecommunication,andsinceitappeared,evenmembersofmyfamilyhavetoldmethattheyweresorrytohavemeputmyselfonrecordasbelievingsuchnonsense.IhaveanarticleofsomelengthwhichIhavebeenvainlytryingtohavepublished,andIhadalmostreachedtheconclusionthatitwasnolongerworthwhiletryingtoplaceitwhenyourlettercameandgavemenewenthusiasm.
Thewarfeversweepsmensoeasily!…Thereisneedformentocarryonafightnotforpro-Germanoranti-Germansympathybutforanti-warsentiment.Deeperthanthat,itisant-use-of-physicaforce.thatneedsadvocacy,or—whatyoupointedoutastheheartofthewholematter—anti-self-preservation.TheBelgianPoetMaeterlincksaysthat'self-preservationistheprofoundestofallourinstincts'.Surelyhethoughtverysuperficially.—Ofcoursewemayagreewithhimthatself-preservationistheprofoundestinstinct,butmanymenhaveinallagesfoundmanyclaimsmoreinsistentthanthatofself-preservation.Self-preservationisnottheprofoundestmotiveofhumanaction.Menwilldieforduty,honor,love,etc,evenforrevenge.Theindividualmustbewillingtosacrificelifefordutyandhonor.Mustnotthestatealso?DonotclaimsofdutyandhonorandtheidealoftheBrotherhoodofStatesappealtogovemmentsaswellastoindividuals?Theydo,buttheirappealhaseithernotbeenrecognizedorthewaytoanswertheirappealhasnotbeenlollowed.Theideaofself-preservationmustbechallenged!
Inyourletteryousay"Wemusttaketheattitudeofnon-resistance,notastheexpedientattitude,butastherightattitude".IhavecarriedoutthisthoughtinmyarticlewhichIhavecalled"EffectiveResistancetoWar".Idonotbelievein"non-resistance".At1eastIdon'tliketheterm.It'sflabbyandweak.Ilikebettertheterm"EffectiveResistance".Resistancebymeansofphysicalforceistheleasfeffectivemeansofresistance.Ordinarilytheworldthinksthatamanwhousessomeformofforceotherthanphysicalwithwhichtoresist,ismerelyanon-resister.Mostoftheworldthinksonlywithmaterialorphysicalconceptions.Spiritualresistance,theresistanceofforgivingone'senemies,of"turningtheothercheek",etc,isthemostpositiveandeffectivekindofresistance.…
〔中译〕你的来信赞赏我在《新共和》上发表的文章,使我极为高兴。在我需要支持之时,你给了我莫大的鼓励。这说明至少还有一个读者能以清晰的眼光看清这个道理,这使我相信还会有其他人也能接受。对于你信中所表示的诚意我极为感谢。
在我寄出这篇文章之前我仅找到了两个同情者。文章发表之后,甚至连我的家人也对我说他们不敢苟同我所发表的谬论。我还有一篇更为详细的文章,我一直试图将其发表。正当我几乎就要放弃这个努力,认为它没有发表价值之时,我收到了你的信,它给了我新的热情。
战争的狂热消灭人类是何等的容易!……人类有必要进行一场战争,这场战争不是为了满足亲德或是反德的情绪,而是为了反战的情绪。在更深刻的意义上,是反对使用有形的力量,只需要倡导,或者正如你所指出的,整个问题的关键在于反对自我保存。比利时诗人梅特林克说过:“自我保存乃人类最基本的本能。”他这种想法过于肤浅。当然我们可以同意他的说法。但是不少人在各个时代里都发现还有许多权利比自我保存更起作用,自我保存不是人类最基本的冲动。人会为了责任、荣誉、爱情,甚至复仇等而牺牲自己的生命。个人可以为责任和荣誉心甘情愿地去死,难道一个政府就做不到吗?既然责任感、荣誉感以及国与国之间的兄弟情谊能感召个人,难道就不能感召政府吗?他们确实发出了感召,只不过还没有被对方所认识,或者还没有反响罢了。自我保护主义必须受到挑战!
你在信中说:“应采取不争主义之态度,不应抱谋私利之态度,而应采取正义之态度。”我已在我的文章中表达了同样的想法,我将其称之为“对战争的有效抗争”。我并不相信“不争”,至少我不喜欢这个名词,它是软弱的。我更喜欢“有效的抗争”这个词。使用体力的抗争是效果最差的抗争方式。通常大家都认为一个人如若采取非体力的方式去抗争,那么这个人便是一个不争主义者。绝大多数人仅仅只想到物质和体力的概念,而精神的抗争,宽恕自己的敌人的抗争,“递上另一边脸”去的抗争,才是积极的最为有效的抗争。……