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五二、再与节克生君书稿

《胡适留学日记:全十七卷》 作者:胡适 0

五二、再与节克生君书稿(十二月十一日)
Youaskme."IfthereisnotinthelifeofJesussomethingmorenoteworthythaninthedeathofSocrates,howarewetoaccountforthefactthatthedeathofJesusoccupiesaplacesomuchlargerinthethoughtoftheworldthanthedeathofSocrates?""Inthethoughtoftheworld?"Itmaybetruethatinthereligiousthoughtoftheworld,thedeathofJesusmayoccupyanimportantplace.Butinthephilosophicalthoughtoftheworld,thedeathofSocratessurelyoccupiesanequallyimportant—perhapsmoreimportant—placeasthedeathofJesus.ThedeathofJesusfoundedareligion;thedeathofSocratesfoundedaphilosophy.ThisphilosophyhashadatremendousinfluenceupontheGreekandRomanworld,andinthemoderntimeuponourownworld.TheidealofthemodernworldisnolongertheChristianidealofself-abnegation,buttheGreekidealofself-development;nolongertheChristianidealofFaith,buttheSocraticidealofTruth-TruthforwhichSocratesdied!…
IadmitthattotheChristiansthedeathofJesusdoesmeanagreatdealmorethanthedeathofSocrates.Butwhy?Because,itseemstome,centuriesofpowerfultraditionhavemadeitso…Thedifferenceisduetothetraditionaltrainingofthebeliever.Itissomethingpurelysubjective,andhasnoobjectivevalidity.
Yousay(inchap.on"heHeroismofJesus"in"GreatpicturesasMoralTeachers"—byH.E.Jackson),"WithSocratesitwasmerelytheauestionofhisowndeath.WithJesusitwastheproblemofsinanditsforgiveness."Thatisnottrue.Socrates,Problemwasnotmerelyhisowndeath.
SocratesdiedforTruth;hesoughtTruthandfounddeath.Heoffendedtherespectablepeoplebycallingtheirconductandmoralityintoquestion,bybelievingthat"alifeunexaminedisnotworthliving."HewaspersecutedinthesamemannerandforthesameoffenceasJesuswaspersecuted.Beforehisdeath,hisfriendsofferedtohelphimtoescape.Thisherefused.Byhisdeathhegaveanexampletohisteachingthat"notlife,butagoodlife,istobevalued;"notdeath,butunrighteousnessandlawlessness,istobeavoided.…
HadtheGreekpeoplebeenasreligiousastheJews,hadCrito,Phaedo,andPlatobeenassimplemindedasthefishermenofGalilee,hantheSocraticteachingsemphasizedalittlemoreonthesupernaturalthantheydid,
—Socraticismwouldhavebeenareligion,andSocrateswouldhavebeenaGod.…
IdonotdenvtheheroismofJesus,butIcannotbelittletheheroismofSocrates.
〔中译〕你问我“设若耶稣之死不比苏格拉底之死更引人注意,那么对于耶稣之死比苏格拉底之死在世人心中占据更重要的位置,你如何解释?”“在世人的心中?”还不如说在宗教徒的心中,耶稣之死占据了一个更重要的位置来得更确切一些。但在有哲学头脑的世人心中,苏格拉底之死与耶稣之死占有同样重要的位置——或许前者比后者更重要。耶稣之死建立了一种宗教,而苏格拉底之死建立了一种哲学。苏格拉底哲学对于希腊和罗马世界造成了巨大的影响,这种影响一直延续至今。现今世界的理想不再是耶教的克己,而是希腊人的扬我;不再是耶教的信仰,而是苏格拉底的真理,苏格拉底为之奉献生命的真理!……
我承认所有耶教徒都看重耶稣之死而不看重苏格拉底之死。为什么呢?以余观之,这是几个世纪积累起来的强大传统使之然……是信徒们的传统教育使之然。这纯粹是主观的原因,决没有半点客观的真实性。
你又说(见H.E.节克生君《伦理教师的大图像》中《耶稣的英雄主义》一章)“苏格拉底之死只是他个人的事,而耶稣之死却关系到罪与恕的问题。”这是不确实的。苏格拉底之死并不仅仅是他个人的事。苏格拉底是为真理而死。他寻找真理,却找到了死亡。他触怒了权贵,因为他说他们的行为和道德值得怀疑,因为他相信“非经反省的生活是不值过的”。他与耶稣一样因触怒权贵而死,连死法都一样。在他死前,他的友人提出要帮他逃走,却遭到拒绝。他曾说过:“赖活不足取,只有不苟活才有价值。死也不足惧,只有死于不义才可怕。”他身体力行了他的这句话……
设若希腊人像犹太人一样信教,设若克里图,菲多和柏拉图如同加利利的渔人一样头脑简单,设若苏格拉底的教义不是注重现世,而是稍稍看重一点来世的话,苏格拉底主义早就会成为一种宗教,苏格拉底也就会是上帝了……
我并不拒绝耶稣的英雄主义,但是我也无法诋毁苏格拉底的英雄主义。