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一五、“但论国界,不论是非”

《胡适留学日记:全十七卷》 作者:胡适 0

一五、“但论国界,不论是非”(五月十五日)
自美墨交衅以来,本城之“IthacaJournal”揭一名言:“吾国乎,吾愿其永永正直而是也,然曲耶,直耶,是耶,非耶,终为吾国耳。”(Mycountry—mayiteverberight,butrightorwrong,mycountry)意言但论国界,不论是非也。此言揭诸报端已逾旬日,亦无人置辩。一日,同居世界学生会之各国学生谈论偶及之,有表同情者,亦有反对者,莫衷一是。余适过之,聆其言论,有所感触,故以所见作一书寄此报主笔。其人不敢登载,社中访事某女士坚请登之,乃载入新闻栏(其书见下)。昨日余往见前校长白博士之夫人,夫人盛称余书,以为正彼所欲言而未能言者。白博士(AndrewDicksonWhite)曾两任使德大使,戊戌年海牙平和会,博士为美国代表团长,其功最多。夫妇都主张和平,故深恶此等极端之国家主义也。
MYCOUNTRY——RIGHTORWRONG,—MYCOUNTRYStudentsRepresentingManyNationalitiesDebateastothe
AbsurdityorSenseoftheSlogan-SuhHu'sImpression.
AninterestingdebatetookplaceattheCosmopolitanClubhouseontheHill.ThesubjectwasthemottowhichhasbeenprintedatthetopoftheeditorialpageofTheIthacaJournalsincetheMexicanquestionbegantobecomecritical—"Mycountry,mayiteverberight,butrightorwrong,mycountry."Thelastphrase,"rightorwrong,mycountry"startedthediscussion.
AnAmericanstudentaverredthatitwasanabsoluteabsurdity,tostandbyone'scountrywhetheritwasrightorwrong.Alltheotherstudentspresent—includingtherepresentativesofallthedifferentcountriesintheClubdefendedthesayingvigorously.ThisnumberincludedstudentsfromallthedifferentcountriesrepresentedintheCosmopolitanClub."Somecalleditanabsoluteabsurdity,whileothersdefendeditvigorously."Noconclusionwasreached.
SuhHu'sideaSuhHu,thepresidentoftheClub,wasstruckbyonethoughtthatseemedtohimtocomenearesttotheheartoftheproblemandpresentsitasfollows:
"Itappearstomethatthefallacyofthesaying'Rightorwrong,mycountry'liesinthefactthatthereisadoublestandardofmorality.Noonewilldenythatthereisastandardofjusticeandrighteousness—amongthecivilizedpeopleatleast.Suppose'mycountry'shouldtaxmeunconstitutionally,confiscatemypropertyunjustly,orhavemeimprisonedwithoutatrial,Iwouldundoubtedlyprotest,evenifitweredoneinthenameofthelawof'mycountry'.
"Butwhenwecometointernationalaffairsweimmediatelydiscardthatstandardofjusticeandrighteousness,andwedeclarewithnolittlepride,'Rightorwrong,mycountry.'AmInotrightinsayingthatweareapplyingadoublestandardofmorality—onetoourfellowcountrymenandanothertoforeignor'outlandish'people?Itseemstomethatunlessweadoptonestandardofright-eousnessbothwithinandwithoutourcountry,wehavenocommongroundonwhichwecanargue."
“吾国乎,是耶,非耶,终为吾国耳”——胡适对各国学生代表辩论的印象〔中译〕世界学生会最近就此事争论甚为有趣,题目即为上引之格言。此格言自墨西哥问题激化以来一直印在《绮色佳杂志》社论篇之首,即:“吾国乎,吾愿其永永正直而是也,然曲耶,直耶,是耶,非耶,终为吾国耳。”其末一句引出了一场争论。
一美国学生认为不问该国行为之是非,总以其国利益为立场,此实大为荒谬。其余在场学生,包括世界学生会各国的代表,却为此言辩护,争论非常激烈。“有反对的,也有赞成的”,意见无法一致。
胡适之见学生会会长胡适深以为此事之关键在于:
“我以为此谬见‘是耶,非耶,终为吾国耳’之所以为然,是因为有两个道德标准。人人都不反对万事皆有一个对错及正义与否的标准,至少文明国应如此。假如吾国违宪向吾征税,或非法将吾之产业充公,或未经审判即将吾入狱,吾誓必力争,不管其是否以‘吾国’法律之名义行此事。
“然而涉及国际间事,吾即放弃那个对错和正义与否之标准,且颇自得地宣称‘是耶,非耶,终吾国耳’。以此观之,余以为吾人奉行道德的双重标准,其一用之于国人,另一用之于他国,或‘化外之民’,余此说不亦对乎?余以为吾人不管国内国外只应奉行一个是非标准,否则无法争论此事。”